In this follow-up to a previous post on some basic intuitions of Protestant thought, I will be examining some additional intuitions with which I was brought up and have now rejected.
One of the intuitions which those of us who were/are heirs of the Reformation have inherited from our Protestant forebears is that other religions are obviously wrong. We inherited the intuition that Islam is obviously wrong, that Buddhism and various older Indian religious traditions are obviously wrong, that the religions of ancient Greece and Rome and Egypt are obviously wrong.
These religions are generally not what William James would call "live options" for the average American Christian who is formed in a culture shaped by Protestant assumptions. And in much the same way, it's equally obvious that the Catholic Church is obviously wrong. The only question to be answered is, "Why are they wrong?" These background assumptions were just part of the environment I was initially raised.
I am not offended, even now that I'm a devout Catholic, when folks who come from that same environment assume that the Catholic Church is the wrong religion. They typically know about as much about the Catholic Church as they do about Theravada Buddhism, which is to say, close to nothing and probably more misconceptions than anything. The best they generally have is an oversimplification or two.
I've read a fair amount of Truth Magazine over the years, because it's the magazine of the Churches of Christ, the loosely affiliated set of congregations that much of my mother's side of the family belongs to. The best article they have available on Buddhism is very much in the vein of oversimplifications, and of imposing a modern American way of understanding things upon ancient Buddhism.
For example, the Theravada tradition is described as the "conservative" group and the Mahayana tradition as the more "liberal" group. That's sort of like calling Mussolini "conservative" and Hitler "liberal" in their views. Sure, you could find a way to justify that somehow, but it's really not a good framework to use in order to understand the important differences between them. In order to understand their differences, you need a deeper understanding of what they agreed on and how they understood their own views on political economy.
And that's the same way one would need to get a better understanding of Buddhism as well. You would need a deeper understanding of the kernel of the Dharma in order to understand the flowering of the Theravada and Mahayana traditions.
I've written quite a bit about Buddhism and Catholicism, and I can say from experience that understanding both (and this is probably true for any religion) requires an ability to set aside the frameworks through which we typically evaluate everything we encounter and take on for a time the mindset of those who practice the religion seriously, who study it deeply, and who see the world through the lens of that religion's teachings.
For example, the average American Christian will struggle to understand why ancient Christians viewed Mary as the Queen of Heaven, because they have not yet taken on the mindset of those for whom the Davidic monarchy of Judaism or the many monarchies of Christendom were the normal way of relating to their societies.
Anyone steeped in the assumptions of an egalitarian, democratic society is going to have a hard time understanding the ancient perspective, which is that the human and angelic worlds were composed of a multiplicity of ranks and hierarchies. Those egalitarian assumptions which seem obvious truths to us as normal American Christians would have seemed outlandish, perhaps even heretical, to early Christians who were awaiting the return of Christ the King and believed in the ranks of angelic beings and lived in societies rich with multi-layered hierarchies.
We American Christians won't be able to understand other religions, or even the history of our own religion, unless we relinquish some of our obvious assumptions long enough to appreciate the obvious assumptions of those Christians who came before us and the obvious assumptions of other religions that are held close to our neighbors' hearts.
Related: The Protestant Intuition: Divine Gifts & Human Works
Note: Above is a picture of Martin Luther's edited Bible translated into German.
I'm at the end of my wisdom, and here I will remain as its limits grow into the event horizon of love.
Quotation
He who learns must suffer, and, even in our sleep, pain that we cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, and in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom to us by the awful grace of God. - Aeschylus
Monday, January 15, 2018
Friday, January 5, 2018
Fair Questions: What can we learn by living with different assumptions?
I had a discussion related to my previous post about the Slow Death of God (the story of former pastor Ryan Bell's year without believing in God). One of my friends asked a good question pursuant to that discussion, and I want to address it more fully than I did in my brief response to him.
The question as posed is in two parts:
The first part of this question is asking whether Bell's experiment was a reasonable way of discovering the truth about whether God exists or not. My short answer to that question is: No.
The second part of this question is asking whether it's a reliable way of discovering truth. My short answer to that is: Maybe. It depends on what kind of truth you want to discover.
But why?
1. Not all truths are falsifiable by experience.
For example, if I were to live for a year under the assumption that our Vice President, Mike Pence, is my best buddy who goes for beers with me at the local bar every weekend. That is something that could (and would) be falsified by my experience of life. I've never met the man before, didn't vote for him, am not a member of his political party or a donor to it, don't have any friends who can introduce me to him, and I doubt he'll respond to my messages asking to have a beer with him now that he's busy with performing the role of the Vice President of the United States. It would become very quickly obvious that my assumption was incorrect.
On the other hand, a proposition like "the contents of scientific theories describe reality as it truly is rather than reality as filtered through our perceptual mechanisms" isn't really susceptible to that sort of falsification because it's not a proposition we could falsify by living as if it's true for a year. Similarly, a proposition like "there is a ground of being from which all that exists gained its existence and sustains its existence and we call this God" isn't susceptible to being falsified by living a year as if it were true.
So if people want to do "a year with ________" or "a year without ________" experiments to discover a truth, it's important that they actually choose a truth that can be falsified (or at least made significantly more or less probable in light of a Bayesian analysis) by means of doing that experiment. Ryan Bell didn't really consider experimental design effectively when deciding to live for a year without God, obviously.
2. Cognitive biases always tilt us toward thinking we've confirmed what we assume.
When we live as if something is true for a significant period of time, it gives our confirmation bias lots of opportunities to work its magic. One of the byproducts of that is that we find all sorts of new reasons to believe whatever proposition it is.
And because of the familiarity principle, the more we expose ourselves to the phenomenon of living this way, the more we appreciate it and enjoy it, as long as there aren't direct and obvious negative consequences to doing so that we can't explain away by way of confirmation bias. Add into the mix that in this process, we will generally seek and find a community of people who believe it as well, and then normal emotional attachments, groupthink, and the in-group bias we all suffer from will tend to keep us on that path.
Atheists often (correctly) point out that tendency to rationalize whatever it is you already believe when looking at how many people share the religion of their parents. Rationalizing what we already believe or how we already behave is a perfectly natural consequence of how our brains work. And that remains true once we change those beliefs. Our brain picks right up and rationalizes our new belief in the same way.
I've often noticed that new believers (whether a new skeptic or new Christian) don't have good reasons that they can articulate for their new belief. Those good reasons and good arguments tend to accumulate over a number of years of thought and dialogue rather than actually being the primary driver of the change in belief.
Of course, another byproduct of living as if something were true is that we understand better the position of those who hold what we commit to living out as true. And that's quite valuable. I've found it to be valuable, at any rate. That seems to me to be the better reason for living for a time as an atheist, or a Buddhist, or a Christian, or a Muslim, and so on. It would be a valuable way to understand those with whom you disagree. That said...
In the end, it's not reasonable to live a year without God as a means of deciding whether God exists or not because it's not the kind of proposition that can be tested that way. And it's not reliable because of the outsized impact of our normal human tendency to rationalize whatever it is we are currently doing on our conclusions about what's true.
The question as posed is in two parts:
"Do you think that living for a year without God is a reasonable way to go about discovering the truth? One of your responses to your friends indicates that living out a certain way of life is a good way to confirm what one already thinks is true. However, is it a good or reliable method of discovering the truth?"
The first part of this question is asking whether Bell's experiment was a reasonable way of discovering the truth about whether God exists or not. My short answer to that question is: No.
The second part of this question is asking whether it's a reliable way of discovering truth. My short answer to that is: Maybe. It depends on what kind of truth you want to discover.
But why?
1. Not all truths are falsifiable by experience.
For example, if I were to live for a year under the assumption that our Vice President, Mike Pence, is my best buddy who goes for beers with me at the local bar every weekend. That is something that could (and would) be falsified by my experience of life. I've never met the man before, didn't vote for him, am not a member of his political party or a donor to it, don't have any friends who can introduce me to him, and I doubt he'll respond to my messages asking to have a beer with him now that he's busy with performing the role of the Vice President of the United States. It would become very quickly obvious that my assumption was incorrect.
On the other hand, a proposition like "the contents of scientific theories describe reality as it truly is rather than reality as filtered through our perceptual mechanisms" isn't really susceptible to that sort of falsification because it's not a proposition we could falsify by living as if it's true for a year. Similarly, a proposition like "there is a ground of being from which all that exists gained its existence and sustains its existence and we call this God" isn't susceptible to being falsified by living a year as if it were true.
So if people want to do "a year with ________" or "a year without ________" experiments to discover a truth, it's important that they actually choose a truth that can be falsified (or at least made significantly more or less probable in light of a Bayesian analysis) by means of doing that experiment. Ryan Bell didn't really consider experimental design effectively when deciding to live for a year without God, obviously.
2. Cognitive biases always tilt us toward thinking we've confirmed what we assume.
When we live as if something is true for a significant period of time, it gives our confirmation bias lots of opportunities to work its magic. One of the byproducts of that is that we find all sorts of new reasons to believe whatever proposition it is.
And because of the familiarity principle, the more we expose ourselves to the phenomenon of living this way, the more we appreciate it and enjoy it, as long as there aren't direct and obvious negative consequences to doing so that we can't explain away by way of confirmation bias. Add into the mix that in this process, we will generally seek and find a community of people who believe it as well, and then normal emotional attachments, groupthink, and the in-group bias we all suffer from will tend to keep us on that path.
Atheists often (correctly) point out that tendency to rationalize whatever it is you already believe when looking at how many people share the religion of their parents. Rationalizing what we already believe or how we already behave is a perfectly natural consequence of how our brains work. And that remains true once we change those beliefs. Our brain picks right up and rationalizes our new belief in the same way.
I've often noticed that new believers (whether a new skeptic or new Christian) don't have good reasons that they can articulate for their new belief. Those good reasons and good arguments tend to accumulate over a number of years of thought and dialogue rather than actually being the primary driver of the change in belief.
Of course, another byproduct of living as if something were true is that we understand better the position of those who hold what we commit to living out as true. And that's quite valuable. I've found it to be valuable, at any rate. That seems to me to be the better reason for living for a time as an atheist, or a Buddhist, or a Christian, or a Muslim, and so on. It would be a valuable way to understand those with whom you disagree. That said...
In the end, it's not reasonable to live a year without God as a means of deciding whether God exists or not because it's not the kind of proposition that can be tested that way. And it's not reliable because of the outsized impact of our normal human tendency to rationalize whatever it is we are currently doing on our conclusions about what's true.
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